A one-bit processor explained: reverse-engineering the vintage MC14500B

The Motorola MC14500B 1 is a 1-bit processor introduced in 1976. While a 1-bit processor might seem almost useless, 2 it was marketed as... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

IBM paperweight teardown: Reverse-engineering 1970s memory chips

I recently received a vintage IBM paperweight from the early 1970s that showcases some memory chips. 1 When IBM started using integrated ... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

Examining a technology sample kit: IBM components from 1948 to 1986

I recently received a vintage display box used by IBM to illustrate the progress of computer technology. This display case, created by IBM... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

Examining a technology sample kit: IBM components from 1948 to 1986

I recently received a vintage display box used by IBM to illustrate the progress of computer technology. This display case, created by IBM... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

Reverse-engineering an early calculator chip with four-phase logic

In 1969, high-density MOS integrated circuits were still new and logic circuits were constructed in a variety of ways. One technique was ... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

Reverse-engineering an early calculator chip with four-phase logic

In 1969, high-density MOS integrated circuits were still new and logic circuits were constructed in a variety of ways. One technique was ... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

12-minute Mandelbrot: fractals on a 50-year-old IBM 1401 mainframe

When I found out that the Computer History Museum has a working IBM 1401 computer [1] , I wondered if it could generate the Mandelbrot frac... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

Reverse-engineering the clock chip in the first MOS calculator

In 1969, Sharp introduced the first calculator built from high-density MOS chips, the QT-8D , followed by the handheld Sharp EL-8, the worl... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

Reverse engineering RAM storage in early Texas Instruments calculator chips

Texas Instruments introduced the first commercial single-chip computer in 1974, combining the CPU, RAM, ROM, and I/O into one chip. This f... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

Reverse-engineering the classic MK4116 16-kilobit DRAM chip

Back in the late 1970s, the most popular memory chip was Mostek's MK4116, holding a whopping (for the time) 16 kilobits. It provided stor... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

Reverse-engineering the carry-lookahead circuit in the Intel 8008 processor

The 8008 was Intel's first 8-bit microprocessor, introduced in 1972. While primitive by today's standards, the 8008 is historically import... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

Reverse-engineering the carry-lookahead circuit in the Intel 8008 processor

The 8008 was Intel's first 8-bit microprocessor, introduced in 1972. While primitive by today's standards, the 8008 is historically import... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

Inside the stacked RAM modules used in the Apple III

In 1978, a memory chip stored just 16 kilobits of data. To make a 32-kilobit memory chip, Mostek came up with the idea of putting two 16K ... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

How the bootstrap load made the historic Intel 8008 processor possible

Near the end of 1972, Intel introduced their first 8-bit microprocessor, the 8008. Decades later, this processor still influences computi... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

Cells are fast and crowded places (2011)

I recently learned that cells are extremely crowded and busy places. I knew there's a lot of activity in cells, but I didn't realize just h... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

How to multiply currents: Inside a counterfeit analog multiplier

A recent Twitter thread about a counterfeit analog multiplier chip attracted my attention since I'm interested in both counterfeit integr... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

HP Nanoprocessor part II: Reverse-engineering the circuits from the masks

In 1974, Hewlett-Packard developed a microprocessor for control applications in their products, from floppy disk drives to voltmeters. Thi... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

Reverse-engineering the first FPGA chip, the XC2064

A Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) can implement arbitrary digital logic, anything from a microprocessor to a video generator or crypt... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

Why your favorite language is unpopular

The total world's population of Haskell programmers fits in a 747. And if that goes down, nobody would even notice. -- Erik Meijer I rece... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

The HP Nanoprocessor: a high-speed processor that can't even add

The Nanoprocessor is a mostly-forgotten processor developed by Hewlett-Packard in 1974 1 as a microcontroller 2 for their products. Stra... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

Inside the HP Nanoprocessor

The Nanoprocessor is a mostly-forgotten processor developed by Hewlett-Packard in 1974 1 as a microcontroller 2 for their products. Stra... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

Fractals on a IBM 1401 Mainframe

When I found out that the Computer History Museum has a working IBM 1401 computer [1] , I wondered if it could generate the Mandelbrot frac... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

Reverse-engineering the 8086's Arithmetic/Logic Unit from die photos

The Intel 8086 processor was introduced in 1978, setting the course of modern computing. While the x86 processor family has supported 64-b... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

Inside a Counterfeit 8086 Processor

Intel introduced the 8086 processor in 1978, leading to the x86 architecture in use today. I'm currently reverse-engineering the circuitry... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

How the 8086 processor handles power and clock internally

One under-appreciated characteristic of early microprocessors is the difficulty of distributing power inside the integrated circuit. While... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

Reverse-engineering the Intel 8086's instruction register

The Intel 8086 microprocessor is one of the most influential chips ever created; it led to the x86 architecture that dominates desktop an... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

Reverse-engineering the adder inside the Intel 8086

The Intel 8086 processor contains many interesting components that can be understood through reverse engineering. In this article, I'll di... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

Inside the 8086 processor, tiny charge pumps create a negative voltage

Introduced in 1978, the revolutionary Intel 8086 microprocessor led to the x86 processors used in most desktop and server computing today.... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

The Intel 8086 processor's registers: from chip to transistors

The Intel 8086 microprocessor is one of the most influential chips ever created; it led to the x86 architecture that dominates desktop and... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

A look at the die of the 8086 processor

The Intel 8086 microprocessor was introduced 42 years ago this month, 1 so I made some high-res die photos of the chip to celebrate. The ... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

Die shrink: How Intel scaled down the 8086 processor

The revolutionary Intel 8086 microprocessor was introduced 42 years ago this month so I've been studying its die. 1 I came across two 8... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

Reverse-engineering and comparing two Game Boy audio amplifier chips

The Nintendo Game Boy contains an audio amplifier chip for sound through a speaker or headphones. In this post, I reverse-engineer this ch... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

A look at the die of the 8086 processor

The Intel 8086 microprocessor was introduced 42 years ago this month, 1 so I made some high-res die photos of the chip to celebrate. The ... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

Timer teardown: inside the most popular IC (2016)

This article is translated into Vietnamese at: Bên trong chíp định thời 555 . If you've played around with electronic circuits, you prob... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

Die photos and analysis of the revolutionary 8008 microprocessor (2016)

Intel's groundbreaking 8008 microprocessor was first produced 45 years ago. 1 This chip, Intel's first 8-bit microprocessor, is the ancesto... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

Die analysis of the 8087 math coprocessor's fast bit shifter

Floating-point numbers are very useful for scientific programming, but early microprocessors only supported integers directly. 1 Although... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

“Maxwell's equations of software” examined (2008)

A recent post quotes Alan Kay's statement that expressing Lisp in itself is the " Maxwell's Equations of Software ": Yes, that was the bi... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

Extracting ROM constants from the 8087 math coprocessor's die

Intel introduced the 8087 chip in 1980 to improve floating-point performance on the 8086 and 8088 processors, and it was used with the ori... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 3 years ago

Reverse engineering the 76477 “Space Invaders” sound chip from die photos (2017)

Remember the old video game Space Invaders? Some of its sound effects were provided by a chip called the 76477 Complex Sound Generation ch... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 4 years ago

Reverse engineering the 76477 “Space Invaders” sound chip from die photos (2017)

Remember the old video game Space Invaders? Some of its sound effects were provided by a chip called the 76477 Complex Sound Generation ch... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 4 years ago

Tiny transformer inside: Decapping an isolated power transfer chip

I saw an ad for a tiny chip 1 that provides 5 volts 2 of isolated power: You feed 5 volts in one side, and get 5 volts out the other si... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 4 years ago

Apple iPhone charger teardown: quality in a tiny expensive package (2012)

This article is now available in Vietnamese Bộ sạc iPhone của Apple . Disassembling Apple's diminutive inch-cube iPhone charger reveals ... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 4 years ago

Reverse-engineering the audio chip in the Nintendo Game Boy Color

The Nintendo Game Boy Color is a handheld game console that was released in 1998. It uses an audio amplifier chip to drives the internal ... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 4 years ago

Inside the Am2901: AMD's 1970s bit-slice processor

You're probably familiar with modern processors made by Advanced Micro Devices. But AMD's processors go back to 1975, when AMD introduced t... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 4 years ago

The Am2901: AMD's 1970s bit-slice processor

You're probably familiar with modern processors made by Advanced Micro Devices. But AMD's processors go back to 1975, when AMD introduced t... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 4 years ago

The most common chip you've never heard of

http://habrahabr.ru/post/257387 This article is now available in Russian: Майним Bitcoin с помощью бумаги и ручки . A die photo of the int... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 4 years ago

A circuit board from the Saturn V rocket, reverse-engineered and explained

In the Apollo Moon missions, the Saturn V rocket was guided by an advanced onboard computer system built by IBM. This system was built fro... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 4 years ago

A circuit board from the Saturn V rocket, reverse-engineered and explained

In the Apollo Moon missions, the Saturn V rocket was guided by an advanced onboard computer system built by IBM. This system was built fro... | Continue reading


@righto.com | 4 years ago